Georgia's unique culture has been shaped by its strategic location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, creating a distinctive blend of influences while maintaining its own strong identity. With one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations, Georgian culture encompasses a rich tapestry of traditions, arts, and customs.

Key elements of Georgian culture include:

• Language and script: The Georgian language (Kartuli) belongs to its own unique Kartvelian language family and uses a distinctive alphabet that has three forms: Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri, and Mkhedruli (the current form). The Georgian alphabet is recognized as one of the world's 14 unique alphabets and was granted UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage status.
• Polyphonic singing: Georgia's traditional polyphonic singing is UNESCO-listed and features complex, harmonized three-part singing with distinct regional variations. The Chakrulo song is particularly famous and was included on the Voyager Golden Record sent into space in 1977.
• Religion: The Georgian Orthodox Church has been central to Georgian identity since Christianity was adopted in the 4th century. Around 83% of Georgians belong to the Orthodox Church, and the country is dotted with ancient churches and monasteries, many in spectacular mountain settings.
• Feasting traditions: The Georgian supra (feast) is an elaborate dining ritual led by a tamada (toastmaster) who orchestrates a series of toasts following a specific order. These feasts are central to Georgian hospitality and social life.
• Wine culture: Georgia is considered the birthplace of wine, with an 8,000-year-old winemaking history. Traditional Georgian wine is made in kvevri (clay vessels buried underground), a technique recognized by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage. The country produces distinctive amber (orange) wines from white grapes with extended skin contact.

Dance is another important aspect of Georgian culture, with the energetic and athletic male dances contrasting with the graceful, seemingly floating movements of female dancers. Traditional costumes, distinctive for each region, are still worn during performances and festivals.

Georgian cuisine is increasingly recognized internationally for its unique flavors and dishes:

• Khachapuri: Cheese-filled bread that varies by region, with the boat-shaped Adjaruli khachapuri (filled with cheese and topped with an egg and butter) being the most famous internationally
• Khinkali: Twisted knobs of dough filled with spiced meat, herbs, and broth, similar to dumplings but with distinctive Georgian spices
• Mtsvadi: Grilled meat skewers marinated in a pomegranate juice and spice mixture
• Pkhali: A family of vegetable pâtés made with walnuts, herbs, and spices
• Churchkhela: A traditional sweet made by threading nuts onto a string and dipping them repeatedly in concentrated grape juice, resembling candles

Hospitality is famously central to Georgian culture, with a saying that "guests are a gift from God." Visitors are often treated with exceptional warmth and generosity, invited into homes, and served abundant food and wine. This deep-rooted tradition makes Georgia particularly appealing for travelers seeking authentic cultural experiences.

Georgia offers a remarkable diversity of attractions in a compact area, from ancient cave cities and medieval fortresses to alpine villages, Black Sea beaches, and vibrant urban centers. The country's dramatic landscapes, ranging from the Greater Caucasus mountains to subtropical coastlines, provide a stunning backdrop for cultural and adventure tourism.

Here are some of Georgia's most impressive destinations:

Old Town Tbilisi: The capital's historic center features colorful wooden houses with carved balconies, winding cobblestone streets, ancient sulfur baths, and a mix of architectural styles reflecting the city's diverse history. The Narikala Fortress provides panoramic views over the city, while the modern Peace Bridge and Rike Park showcase Tbilisi's contemporary side.

Gergeti Trinity Church: This iconic 14th-century church sits dramatically at 2,170 meters against the backdrop of Mount Kazbek (5,047m). The hike to reach the church rewards visitors with spectacular mountain vistas, while the nearby village of Stepantsminda serves as a base for exploring the Greater Caucasus region.

Ushguli: A UNESCO World Heritage site in the remote Svaneti region, Ushguli is a collection of medieval villages featuring distinctive stone tower houses that date back to the 8th-12th centuries. At 2,200 meters above sea level, it's one of Europe's highest continuously inhabited settlements, offering exceptional trekking opportunities and cultural experiences.

Uplistsikhe Cave City: This ancient rock-hewn town dates back to the Early Iron Age and contains structures from various periods, including pagan temples, Christian churches, and unique cave dwellings. Once a major political and religious center on the Silk Road, it offers fascinating insights into Georgia's ancient history.

Batumi Boulevard: A vibrant 7km promenade along the Black Sea coast in Georgia's premier resort city. Batumi blends Belle Époque architecture with ultramodern buildings, creating a distinctive cityscape. The Boulevard features dancing fountains, sculptures, cafes, and beach access, making it the heart of Georgia's subtropical coastline.

Other notable destinations include the wine region of Kakheti with its traditional wineries and monasteries; Vardzia, an impressive cliff-carved monastery complex; Mtskheta, Georgia's ancient capital and religious center; Borjomi with its famous mineral waters and national park; and Mestia, the main town in Svaneti, offering excellent hiking and skiing opportunities.

Georgia's transportation infrastructure has improved significantly in recent years, making travel throughout the country increasingly accessible. Options range from modern high-speed trains to traditional marshrutkas (minibuses), offering different levels of comfort and authenticity.

• Marshrutkas (Minibuses): These shared minivans are the backbone of public transportation in Georgia, connecting cities, towns, and villages throughout the country. They're affordable and frequent but can be crowded and sometimes operate on flexible schedules, departing when full. Marshrutkas typically leave from central bus stations in major cities or designated street corners in smaller towns.
• Trains: Georgian Railways has modernized much of its network, with comfortable high-speed trains operating between Tbilisi and Batumi during summer months. The overnight sleeper train on this route is popular with travelers seeking to maximize their time. Regional trains connect other cities but are generally slower and less frequent. The Tbilisi-Zugdidi line offers spectacular mountain scenery.
• Taxis and Ride-sharing: Taxis are abundant in cities and reasonably priced. Apps like Bolt and Yandex Taxi operate in Tbilisi and some other cities, offering fixed prices and eliminating language barriers. For intercity travel, shared taxis operate from main bus stations, departing when they have enough passengers.
• Car Rental: Self-driving allows the most flexibility for exploring off-the-beaten-path destinations. Roads have improved dramatically, with good highways connecting major cities, though mountain roads can be challenging and require careful driving. International driving permits are recommended, and drivers should be prepared for sometimes unpredictable local driving styles.
• Domestic Flights: Georgian Airways offers flights connecting Tbilisi with Batumi, which can be time-saving during the peak summer season when roads and trains are busy. These flights are relatively expensive compared to other transportation options but offer spectacular views of the Caucasus mountains.

Border Crossings: Georgia shares borders with Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Turkey. The most frequently used land crossings include:

• Georgia-Turkey: Sarpi (coastal) and Vale (inland)
• Georgia-Armenia: Sadakhlo/Bagratashen (main crossing) and Ninotsminda/Bavra
• Georgia-Azerbaijan: Red Bridge (Tsiteli Khidi) and Lagodekhi
• Georgia-Russia: Kazbegi-Verkhny Lars (only crossing open to foreign nationals, can have long delays)

Note on disputed territories: The regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia are under de facto separate control and not accessible from Georgia proper. Entering these territories from Russia and then attempting to enter Georgia is illegal under Georgian law and can result in penalties. Travelers should be aware of these sensitivities when planning routes.

Georgia has three main international airports, each serving different regions of the country:

• Tbilisi International Airport (TBS): The country's primary gateway, located 17 km east of the capital city. This modern facility handles the majority of international flights and serves as the hub for Georgian Airways. The airport offers direct connections to numerous European cities, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Facilities include duty-free shops, restaurants, car rental services, and currency exchange.
• Kutaisi International Airport (KUT): Georgia's second international airport, situated about 20 km from Kutaisi, the country's third-largest city. This airport primarily serves budget airlines, particularly Wizz Air, offering affordable connections to many European cities. While smaller than Tbilisi's airport, it has become an important entry point for budget travelers exploring western Georgia, including Kutaisi itself, the Black Sea coast, and Svaneti.
• Batumi International Airport (BUS): Located 2 km south of Batumi, this coastal airport experiences peak traffic during the summer season when direct flights arrive from numerous cities, particularly in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. The terminal features a distinctive glass structure and serves Georgia's popular Black Sea resort region.

Airport Transportation: Options for reaching your destination from Georgia's airports include:

• Tbilisi Airport: A modern bus (#337) runs 24/7 to the city center for a very affordable fare. Taxis are readily available, though prices should be negotiated or booked through ride-sharing apps. The airport is also connected to the city by train, though schedules are limited.
• Kutaisi Airport: Georgian Bus operates shuttle services timed with flight arrivals and departures, connecting the airport with Kutaisi, Tbilisi, and Batumi. These should be booked in advance online. Taxis are available but relatively expensive given the distance to cities.
• Batumi Airport: Being close to the city, taxis are the most convenient option and reasonably priced. Public buses also connect the airport to Batumi's center.

Note: When departing from Georgian airports, it's advisable to arrive at least 2 hours before international flights, as security procedures can sometimes be time-consuming, particularly during peak tourist seasons. All airports accept credit cards for services, though having some Georgian Lari (GEL) in cash is useful for transportation and small purchases.

Georgia has one of the world's most liberal visa policies, allowing visitors from many countries to enter easily and stay for extended periods. This openness has contributed significantly to the country's growing tourism sector.

Visa Requirements by Nationality

The following table outlines general visa requirements for entering Georgia:

Nationality	Entry Requirement	Maximum Stay
EU Countries, USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand	Visa-Free	365 days
Japan, South Korea, Israel, Turkey	Visa-Free	365 days
Most South American Countries	Visa-Free	90 or 365 days depending on country
Many Asian Countries (including China, India)	E-Visa Required	30 days (extendable)
Most African Countries	E-Visa Required	30 days (extendable)

E-Visa Process: For nationalities requiring a visa, Georgia offers a streamlined online application through the e-visa portal. Typically, the process takes 5 business days and requires:

• A passport valid for at least 6 months beyond the planned stay
• A completed online application form
• Payment of the visa fee (approximately $20 USD)
• Proof of travel insurance (recommended)
• Hotel reservation or letter of invitation (may be required)

Important Travel Considerations

• Currency and payments: The Georgian Lari (GEL) is the official currency. ATMs are widely available in cities and tourist areas, and credit cards are accepted in most hotels, restaurants, and shops in urban areas, though cash is preferred in rural regions. It's advisable to carry some cash when traveling outside major cities.
• Language: Georgian is the official language, with its unique alphabet. Russian is widely understood among older generations, while English proficiency is growing, particularly in Tbilisi and tourist areas. Learning a few basic Georgian phrases is appreciated by locals.
• Safety: Georgia is generally very safe for travelers, with low crime rates and a welcoming attitude toward foreigners. Normal precautions should be taken regarding valuables, particularly in crowded tourist areas.
• Health: No specific vaccinations are required to enter Georgia. Tap water is generally safe to drink in Tbilisi and other major cities, though bottled water is recommended in rural areas. Medical facilities are good in major cities, but travel insurance with evacuation coverage is recommended for exploring remote regions.

Best time to visit: Georgia's diverse climate means the ideal time to visit depends on your interests:

• Spring (April-May): Mild temperatures and blooming landscapes make this perfect for exploring cities and wine regions, though mountain areas may still have snow
• Summer (June-August): Ideal for mountain hiking, exploring highland regions like Svaneti, and enjoying the Black Sea coast, though cities can be hot
• Autumn (September-October): Wine harvest season with pleasant temperatures and colorful landscapes, particularly beautiful in wine regions
• Winter (November-March): Cold in most regions but excellent for skiing in Gudauri, Bakuriani, and Mestia, with lower prices outside of ski resorts

Cultural etiquette: Georgians are known for their hospitality. If invited to a Georgian home or supra (feast), be prepared for abundant food and drink. It's customary to bring a small gift. In churches and monasteries, women should cover their heads and wear modest clothing, and men should remove hats. Photography may be restricted in some religious sites.