Lebanese culture is a rich mosaic reflecting thousands of years of history and the influence of various civilizations including Phoenician, Greek, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and French. This cultural diversity has created a uniquely Lebanese identity that blends Eastern and Western influences, characterized by openness and adaptability while maintaining deep traditions.

Key elements of Lebanese culture include:

• Religious diversity: Lebanon has 18 officially recognized religious sects, with Christianity and Islam being the most prominent. This diversity is reflected in the country's governance system, with political positions traditionally allocated among different religious communities. Religious festivals from various traditions are celebrated throughout the year, creating a rich tapestry of cultural expressions.
• Language and literature: While Arabic is the official language, French and English are widely spoken, creating a distinctly multilingual society. Lebanese literature has produced prominent Arab writers like Khalil Gibran, whose book "The Prophet" has been translated into more than 100 languages. Poetry, both classical and modern, holds an important place in Lebanese cultural expression.
• Music and dance: Lebanon's musical traditions range from classical Arabic music to folk styles like dabke (a traditional line dance), to contemporary pop that has gained popularity throughout the Arab world. The Baalbek International Festival and Beiteddine Art Festival showcase Lebanese and international performing arts against historic backdrops.
• Arts and crafts: Traditional crafts include blown glass, pottery, wood carving, and carpet weaving. Contemporary Lebanese artists have gained international recognition, with Beirut developing as a hub for modern art in the Middle East despite periods of unrest.
• Architectural heritage: Lebanese architecture spans millennia, from ancient Phoenician ruins to Roman temples, medieval castles, Ottoman-era buildings, French mandate period structures, and bold modern designs. The country's architecture tells the story of its layered history.

Family bonds are extremely important in Lebanese society, with extended families often maintaining close relationships. Social gatherings center around food, conversation, and hospitality. The Lebanese diaspora, estimated at 12-14 million worldwide (larger than the population in Lebanon itself), maintains strong cultural connections to their homeland.

Lebanese cuisine is perhaps its most celebrated cultural export, recognized globally for its freshness, flavor, and healthfulness:

• Mezze: The famous spread of small dishes that could include hummus (chickpea dip), baba ghanoush (eggplant dip), tabbouleh (parsley and bulgur salad), fattoush (bread salad), and kibbeh (meat and bulgur croquettes)
• Grilled meats: Shish tawook (marinated chicken), kafta (spiced ground meat), and shawarma (sliced meat) often served with garlic sauce (toum)
• Manakish: Flatbread topped with za'atar (thyme mixture), cheese, or ground meat, often eaten for breakfast
• Desserts: Baklava, knafeh (cheese pastry in sweet syrup), and maamoul (date or nut-filled cookies) especially popular during holidays
• Wine: Lebanon has a winemaking tradition dating back 5,000 years, with several internationally acclaimed wineries in the Bekaa Valley

Contemporary Lebanese culture continues to evolve against a backdrop of political and economic challenges. Beirut, despite periods of conflict, has maintained its reputation as a cultural center with vibrant nightlife, fashion, design, and culinary scenes that reflect the resilience and creativity of the Lebanese people.

Lebanon offers an extraordinary concentration of historical sites, natural beauty, and cultural experiences within its compact territory. From ancient ruins and Ottoman-era architecture to Mediterranean beaches and mountain landscapes, the country presents remarkable diversity for visitors.

Here are some of Lebanon's most impressive destinations:

Baalbek: One of the most spectacular archaeological sites in the Middle East, this UNESCO World Heritage site contains some of the largest and best-preserved Roman temples ever built. The Temple of Bacchus and the Temple of Jupiter feature massive columns and intricate stonework that demonstrate the extraordinary engineering and artistic skills of ancient civilizations. The site hosts the Baalbek International Festival during summer months.

Byblos (Jbeil): One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, with history spanning 7,000 years. This UNESCO site features layers of civilizations, including Phoenician ruins, Roman roads, a Crusader castle, Ottoman buildings, and a picturesque medieval port. The modern town surrounding the archaeological site offers charming restaurants, shops, and a vibrant atmosphere, especially during summer evenings.

Jeita Grotto: A magnificent network of interconnected limestone caves extending nearly 9 kilometers. The lower cave can be explored by boat along an underground river, while the upper cave features spectacular stalactites and stalagmites including one of the world's longest stalactites. The caves maintain a cool temperature year-round, making them a refreshing retreat during hot summer months.

Beirut Central District: The heart of the capital showcases Lebanon's resilience and architectural heritage. Following extensive reconstruction after the civil war, the district blends meticulously restored historic buildings with modern developments. Highlights include Nejmeh Square with its iconic clock tower, the Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque, St. George Maronite Cathedral, Roman baths, and the vibrant Beirut Souks shopping district.

Cedars of God: A small forest of ancient cedar trees that have survived for millennia, some estimated to be over 2,000 years old. These majestic trees, which feature on Lebanon's flag, once covered vast areas of the Lebanese mountains. Now protected as a UNESCO World Heritage site, they offer hiking opportunities in summer and skiing in nearby areas during winter.

Other notable destinations include the stunning limestone formations of Kadisha Valley (Holy Valley); the well-preserved Umayyad ruins at Anjar; the coastal city of Tyre with its Roman hippodrome; the mountain palace of Beiteddine; the pilgrimage site of Harissa with its panoramic views; and the lively coastal cities of Jounieh and Sidon (Saida) with their blend of history and Mediterranean charm.

Lebanon's compact size makes it possible to travel between major destinations in relatively short times, though transportation infrastructure faces challenges and traffic congestion can be significant, particularly in and around Beirut.

• Taxis and ride-hailing: Taxis are the most common form of transportation for visitors. Several types are available:
  • Service taxis: Shared taxis that operate on fixed routes with set prices, picking up multiple passengers heading in the same general direction. Passengers can signal to drivers their destination, and the driver will indicate if they're going that way.
  • Private taxis: Exclusively hired vehicles that can be flagged down or called. Always negotiate the fare before starting your journey.
  • Ride-hailing: Apps like Uber and Careem operate in Beirut and other major cities, offering more predictable pricing.
• Car rental: Self-driving gives flexibility for exploring rural areas and mountain regions. International driving licenses are recognized, but driving in Lebanon requires confidence and adaptability, as traffic rules are often treated as suggestions rather than laws. Navigation apps like Google Maps work well in most areas. During winter, mountain roads may require 4WD vehicles.
• Buses and minivans: Public transportation consists primarily of privately operated buses and minivans that connect major cities and towns. These are inexpensive but not always comfortable or predictable in their schedules. Larger buses operate between major cities, while minivans (often referred to as "service") cover both urban and intercity routes.
• Long-distance coaches: Companies like OCFTC and Lebanese Commuting Company (LCC) operate more comfortable coach services between major cities with somewhat more reliable schedules than local buses.

Note on public transportation: Lebanon does not have a comprehensive government-run public transportation system. The network of private operators has developed organically, which means routes and schedules can be challenging for visitors to navigate without local assistance. Many tourists find it more convenient to rely on taxis, ride-hailing services, or organized tours.

Getting around Beirut: The capital city can be particularly challenging for transportation due to traffic congestion and limited parking. Options include:

• Walking is practical for exploring specific neighborhoods, though sidewalks may be inconsistent
• Taxis and ride-hailing services are the most convenient options for longer distances
• Rental bicycles and scooters are available in some areas but should be used with caution given the traffic conditions

Border crossings: Lebanon shares land borders with Syria and Israel. The border with Israel is closed, and entry to Lebanon is denied to travelers with Israeli stamps in their passport. Border crossings with Syria may open or close depending on regional security situations. It's essential to check the current status of border crossings and relevant travel advisories before planning any cross-border travel.

Lebanon's primary international gateway is Beirut-Rafic Hariri International Airport, which serves as the main entry point for visitors arriving by air:

• Beirut-Rafic Hariri International Airport (BEY): Located approximately 9 kilometers south of downtown Beirut, this is Lebanon's only operational commercial airport. Following renovations and expansions over the years, the airport has modern facilities and handles flights from numerous international carriers. Direct connections exist to major cities in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and select destinations in Asia.

Airlines serving Beirut: The main carriers include:

• Middle East Airlines (MEA): Lebanon's national carrier with the most extensive network of flights to and from Beirut
• Major international airlines: Including Air France, British Airways, Lufthansa, Emirates, Qatar Airways, Turkish Airlines, and various European and Middle Eastern carriers

Airport Transportation: Options for reaching your destination from the airport include:

• Taxis: The most common transportation option from the airport. Official airport taxis can be found at designated areas outside the arrivals hall. Fares should be agreed upon before departure, as taxis do not use meters. The journey to central Beirut typically takes 15-30 minutes, depending on traffic conditions.
• Ride-hailing services: Apps like Uber and Careem operate from the airport with designated pickup areas.
• Car rental: Several international and local car rental companies have counters at the airport.
• Hotel transfers: Many hotels offer airport pickup services, which can be arranged in advance.

Important notes: Due to Lebanon's security considerations, airport procedures can be thorough. Allow extra time before departure for security checks. Photography is restricted in certain areas of the airport. The airport is well-equipped with amenities including duty-free shopping, restaurants, lounges, currency exchange services, and Wi-Fi.

Regional context: Given Lebanon's geographic location, travelers sometimes use airports in nearby countries (particularly Cyprus or Turkey) as alternative entry points, especially during periods of regional instability. However, this would require additional transportation arrangements to reach Lebanon.

Lebanon's visa policy varies by nationality, with many visitors eligible for visas on arrival while others must apply in advance. The current economic and political situation may affect travel procedures, so it's advisable to check the latest requirements before planning your trip.

Visa Requirements by Nationality

The following table provides general visa information for different nationalities:

Nationality	Visa Requirement	Duration of Stay
GCC Countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE)	Visa Free	3 months
Most EU Countries, USA, Canada, Australia, Japan	Visa on Arrival	1 month (extendable to 3 months)
Many South American and Asian Countries	Visa on Arrival	1 month (extendable to 3 months)
Several African and Asian Countries	Pre-arranged Visa Required	Varies by visa type

Visa on Arrival process: For eligible nationalities, visas can be obtained upon arrival at Beirut International Airport or at land border crossings. Requirements typically include:

• A passport valid for at least 6 months beyond the date of entry
• Return or onward ticket
• Proof of accommodation (hotel reservations or invitation letter)
• Sufficient funds for the stay
• The visa fee, which varies by nationality and type

Important entry restrictions: Lebanon does not permit entry to travelers with evidence of travel to Israel in their passport (including Israeli exit or entry stamps, or stamps from the land borders with Israel via Jordan or Egypt). Additionally, travel may be restricted for individuals of Palestinian origin, depending on their documentation and circumstances.

Travel Considerations

• Safety and security: The security situation in Lebanon can change rapidly. Some areas, particularly those near the Syrian and Israeli borders, may have travel restrictions or security concerns. It's advisable to consult your country's travel advisories before and during your visit, register with your embassy in Lebanon, and stay informed about current conditions.
• Economic situation: Lebanon has experienced significant economic challenges in recent years, including currency devaluation and banking restrictions. It's advisable to bring US dollars in cash, as credit cards and ATMs may not always be reliable. Exchange rates can vary significantly between official and unofficial markets.
• Health: Medical facilities in Beirut are generally good, though they can be expensive. Travel insurance with medical coverage is highly recommended. Tap water is not considered safe to drink; bottled water is widely available.
• Language: Arabic is the official language, but French and English are widely spoken, particularly in Beirut and tourist areas. Many signs are in multiple languages, and most service industry workers speak at least basic English.

Best time to visit: Lebanon has a Mediterranean climate with distinct seasons:

• Spring (April-May): Perhaps the most pleasant season, with mild temperatures and blooming landscapes. Mountain snow begins to melt, allowing access to higher elevations.
• Summer (June-September): Hot and dry, especially in Beirut and coastal areas where humidity can be high. Mountain regions offer cooler temperatures. This is the peak tourist season with numerous festivals and events.
• Fall (October-November): Another excellent time to visit, with pleasant temperatures and fewer crowds. The harvest season brings fresh produce and wine festivals.
• Winter (December-March): Cooler and rainy along the coast, with snow in the mountains. Lebanon's ski resorts operate during this period, offering the unique opportunity to ski in the morning and visit the Mediterranean coast in the afternoon.

Cultural etiquette: Lebanon is relatively progressive compared to some neighboring countries, particularly in Beirut and tourist areas. However, modest dress is appreciated when visiting religious sites and conservative areas. During Ramadan, be respectful of those fasting by not eating, drinking, or smoking in public during daylight hours, though many restaurants continue to serve food normally, especially in tourist areas.