Cambodia's culture is deeply rooted in the ancient Khmer civilization, with influences from Hinduism, Buddhism, and neighboring countries. Despite facing significant challenges during the Khmer Rouge period (1975-1979), when much of the country's cultural heritage was destroyed, Cambodians have worked diligently to preserve and revitalize their rich traditions.

Key elements of Cambodian culture include:

• Religion: Theravada Buddhism is practiced by approximately 95% of the population and deeply influences daily life. Monks in their distinctive orange robes are a common sight, and pagodas (Buddhist temples) serve as centers for religious and community activities.
• Traditional Arts: Classical Khmer dance (Apsara dance), characterized by graceful movements and elaborate costumes, is considered one of Cambodia's most precious art forms. Other traditional arts include shadow puppetry, silversmithing, and silk weaving.
• Music: Traditional Cambodian music features unique instruments like the roneat (xylophone), chapei (long-necked guitar), and skor (drum). The royal court music tradition known as pinpeat accompanies classical dance performances.
• Language and Literature: The Khmer language has a unique alphabetic script derived from ancient Indian scripts. Cambodia has a rich tradition of oral storytelling, with many tales drawn from Buddhist Jataka stories and the Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata.

Annual festivals reflect Cambodia's agricultural cycles and Buddhist calendar. Khmer New Year (Chaul Chnam Thmey) in April marks the end of the harvest season, while the Water Festival (Bon Om Touk) in November celebrates the reversal of the Tonle Sap River's flow. Pchum Ben, the Festival of the Dead, honors ancestors and is characterized by offerings at pagodas.

Cambodian cuisine showcases a blend of flavors and techniques:

• Amok: The national dish, consisting of fish or meat cooked in a coconut curry and steamed in banana leaves
• Lok Lak: Stir-fried marinated beef served with rice, eggs, and a lime-pepper dipping sauce
• Kuy Teav: Rice noodle soup typically eaten for breakfast, served with meat and garnished with bean sprouts and herbs
• Prahok: Fermented fish paste that serves as a distinctive flavor base for many Cambodian dishes
• Num Banh Chok: Fresh rice noodles topped with a fish-based green curry, herbs, and vegetables

Family ties are extremely important in Cambodian culture, with multiple generations often living together. Respect for elders is paramount, and traditional values emphasize harmony, non-confrontation, and maintaining "face" (dignity and reputation) in social interactions.

Cambodia has emerged as a major tourist destination in Southeast Asia, offering a compelling mix of ancient temples, natural beauty, and cultural experiences. While Angkor Wat is the country's most famous attraction, there's much more to discover throughout this fascinating country.

Here are some of Cambodia's most impressive sites:

Angkor Archaeological Park: A UNESCO World Heritage site containing the magnificent remains of the Khmer Empire capitals from the 9th to the 15th centuries. Angkor Wat, the largest religious monument in the world, is the crown jewel, but there are hundreds of temples to explore including Ta Prohm (famous for trees growing through the ruins) and Bayon (known for its carved faces).

Royal Palace and Silver Pagoda: Located in Phnom Penh, the Royal Palace complex serves as the residence of Cambodia's king. The adjoining Silver Pagoda houses national treasures including gold and jeweled Buddha statues. The complex features traditional Khmer architecture with golden spires and ornate details.

Tonle Sap Lake: Southeast Asia's largest freshwater lake features a unique ecosystem and floating villages where residents adapt to dramatic seasonal changes in water levels. The lake expands to up to five times its size during the rainy season and supports one of the world's most productive inland fisheries.

Koh Rong Samloem: This pristine island offers powdery white-sand beaches, crystal-clear waters, and a laid-back atmosphere. With limited development, it provides a serene escape with opportunities for snorkeling, diving, and observing bioluminescent plankton at night.

Phnom Kulen National Park: A sacred mountain range northeast of Siem Reap featuring waterfalls, the River of a Thousand Lingas (with ancient carvings in the riverbed), and a massive reclining Buddha statue carved from a single boulder. This area is considered the birthplace of the Khmer Empire.

Transportation in Cambodia has improved significantly in recent years, though it still presents some challenges for visitors. The country offers various options for getting around, from traditional tuk-tuks to modern ride-sharing services.

• Tuk-tuks and Moto-taxis: These are the most common forms of transportation for tourists. Tuk-tuks (motorized rickshaws) are ideal for city exploration and short trips, while motorcycle taxis (motos) offer a faster, though less comfortable, option for solo travelers.
• Ride-sharing apps: Services like PassApp and Grab operate in major cities including Phnom Penh and Siem Reap, offering fixed prices and eliminating the need for negotiation.
• Buses: For intercity travel, air-conditioned buses connect major destinations like Phnom Penh, Siem Reap, Sihanoukville, and Battambang. Companies like Giant Ibis, Mekong Express, and Cambodia Post VIP offer comfortable services with scheduled stops.
• Shared vans: These minivans operate between cities and are typically faster than buses but can be more cramped. They're popular for medium-distance routes.
• Boats: Water transportation is available between Phnom Penh and Siem Reap via the Tonle Sap Lake (seasonal), as well as to islands like Koh Rong and Koh Rong Samloem from Sihanoukville.
• Car rental: Self-drive car rentals are not common, but hiring a car with a driver is a practical option for exploring remote areas or creating a customized itinerary.
• Trains: Limited rail services operate between Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville, and from Phnom Penh to Poipet (near the Thai border). These are slow but scenic options.

Road conditions: Road quality varies significantly. Major highways connecting key cities are generally in good condition, but rural roads can be challenging, especially during the rainy season (May to October). Traffic in cities can be chaotic, with limited adherence to formal rules.

Border crossings: Cambodia shares land borders with Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. Popular border crossings include Poipet/Aranyaprathet (Thailand), Bavet/Moc Bai (Vietnam), and Trapeang Kreal/Dom Kralor (Laos). Visa on arrival is available at most major crossings.

Cambodia has three international airports serving the major tourist destinations:

• Phnom Penh International Airport (PNH): The largest airport in Cambodia, located about 10 km west of the capital city. This modern facility handles most international arrivals and serves as the hub for Cambodia Airways and Cambodia Angkor Air.
• Siem Reap International Airport (REP): Located approximately 7 km from downtown Siem Reap and the Angkor Archaeological Park. This is the busiest airport in terms of tourist arrivals, given its proximity to Angkor Wat. A new, larger Siem Reap Angkor International Airport is under construction to replace the existing facility.
• Sihanoukville International Airport (KOS): Serving Cambodia's coastal region, this airport has seen increased international flights in recent years with the development of Sihanoukville as a beach and casino destination.

Airlines: Cambodia is served by various international carriers including AirAsia, Singapore Airlines, Vietnam Airlines, Thai Airways, China Eastern, and Korean Air. Cambodia Angkor Air is the national carrier offering domestic and limited international flights.

Airport Transport: Transportation options from airports include:

• Taxis: Available at designated stands with fixed prices to city centers
• Tuk-tuks: Popular for budget-conscious travelers, though prices should be negotiated before departure
• Ride-sharing: Apps like PassApp and Grab operate at major airports
• Hotel transfers: Many hotels offer pickup services, which should be arranged in advance

Note: When departing Cambodia by air, an international departure tax is typically included in your airline ticket price. If you're flying domestically, the airports are small enough to navigate easily, but it's recommended to arrive at least 90 minutes before your flight.

Cambodia offers relatively straightforward visa processes for most international visitors. The country has made efforts to streamline entry procedures to encourage tourism.

Key information for travelers to Cambodia:

• Passport validity: Your passport should be valid for at least six months beyond your planned departure date and have at least one blank page for stamps.
• Tourist visa: Allows for a stay of up to 30 days and can be extended once for an additional 30 days through travel agencies or the Immigration Department in Phnom Penh.
• Business visa (E-class): Initially valid for 30 days and can be extended for longer periods, including multiple-entry options.
• Visa overstay: Results in fines of $10 per day. It's important to ensure your visa remains valid throughout your stay.

Visa Options by Nationality

The following table provides general information about entry requirements for Cambodia:

Country/Region	Entry Requirement	Notes
ASEAN Countries (Brunei, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam)	Visa Free	14-30 days depending on nationality
Most Western Countries (USA, UK, EU, Australia, Canada, etc.)	Visa on Arrival/E-Visa	$30 for tourist visa, $35 for e-visa
China, India, Taiwan	Visa on Arrival/E-Visa	Same fees as above
Most African Countries	Visa Required	Must obtain visa before arrival

Visa Application Options:

• E-Visa: Available through the official government website (www.evisa.gov.kh). Processing typically takes 3 business days, costs $35, and is valid for a single entry with 30-day stay. E-visas are accepted at major entry points but not at some smaller border crossings.
• Visa on Arrival: Available at international airports and major land border crossings. Requires a passport photo and $30 USD cash (tourist visa). The process is straightforward but can involve queues during peak times.
• Embassy/Consulate Application: Traditional visa application through Cambodian diplomatic missions abroad.

Best time to visit: Cambodia has a tropical climate with two distinct seasons:

• Dry season (November to April): The most popular time to visit, with December to February offering the coolest temperatures. This is ideal for temple exploration but is also the busiest tourist period.
• Wet season (May to October): Characterized by short, intense afternoon downpours rather than all-day rain. This season offers lusher landscapes, fewer tourists, and better deals on accommodation. The Tonle Sap Lake is at its fullest, making it a good time for lake excursions.

Health considerations: Consider vaccinations for hepatitis A and B, typhoid, and Japanese encephalitis. Malaria prevention may be recommended for rural areas. Drink bottled water and be cautious with street food. Medical facilities in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap are adequate for basic care, but comprehensive travel insurance with evacuation coverage is strongly recommended.